什么是铁合金的生产工艺?

Dec. 05, 2025

铁合金的生产工艺

什么是铁合金的生产工艺?


铁合金的生产工艺,指的是将含金属氧化物的矿石转化为具有特定成分的铁基合金的全过程。它并不是一个单纯的高温熔炼步骤,而是一套涵盖原料准备、高温还原、电炉冶炼、炉内反应调控、熔渣管理、精炼处理以及最终浇注成型的完整工程体系。铁合金的作用,是为钢铁添加关键的合金元素,并在钢的精炼过程中发挥脱氧、脱硫、净化和组织控制的作用,因此生产工艺必须满足成分稳定、杂质可控以及大规模工业化连续运行的要求。


工程上,铁合金生产的核心目的,是使铬、锰、硅、钒、钼等元素以可控方式进入铁中,同时根据不同钢种的需要,对碳、硫、氧、氮等杂质进行控制。尤其是碳含量,对于不同种类的铁合金有严格差异,例如高碳铁铬、高碳锰铁可以直接通过碳还原获得,而低碳甚至微碳铁合金则需要额外的精炼或非碳系还原手段。


铁合金生产的第一步是原料准备。矿石、水洗精矿、烧结料或球团在进入炉前必须进行干燥,以稳定其水分含量;随后进行筛分,以控制粒度分布,使炉料垛具备良好透气性和可预测的电阻特性。对某些高熔点或挥发性原料,如硅石或高锰矿,还会进行适当的预处理,以改善其高温反应性。还原剂方面,根据不同的工艺路线选择焦炭、半焦或木炭。碳质材料不仅提供还原所需的碳,还决定炉料的电阻特性和透气性能,其反应性、灰分以及灰分成分都直接影响熔渣系统和炉内热平衡。与此同时,还需要加入石灰、白云石等熔剂,通过调节炉渣的碱度、黏度、熔点和氧势,影响金属与炉渣之间的反应和金属回收率。


原料准备的另一个关键步骤是配料。对于不同的铁合金,原料配比通常根据固定工艺模型或长期经验调整,例如铁硅生产需控制硅石与还原剂的比例,以维持适当的炉况与反应温度;高碳锰铁则强调炉料结构的黏结状态和 MnO 在炉内的还原路径。工程上,配料的一致性越高,炉内反应越可控,电炉功率利用率和金属回收率也更稳定。


铁合金的核心冶炼过程发生在矿热炉(即埋弧炉)中。矿热炉依靠大功率电极向炉内提供电能,通过炉料的电阻产生热量,使炉内温度达到金属氧化物的还原温度区间。炉料从顶部加入后逐渐下沉,依次经历预热区、固态还原区、半熔融区以及最终的熔池区。这种多区域反应结构使得矿热炉实际上更像一个分层的高温反应器,而不仅仅是一个熔炼设备。


在固态还原区,金属氧化物首先与碳发生固态还原反应,生成金属和一氧化碳。随着温度升高,炉料逐渐软化并进入半熔融区,氧化物继续被碳还原,同时金属颗粒开始聚集并形成金属液滴。这些金属液滴会穿过高温炉渣向下渗透,最终汇集到熔池中。炉渣的氧化性、黏度、密度和熔点对金属液滴的渗透速度和金属回收率都有重要影响,因此炉衬成分、熔剂加入比例和炉渣时间必须严格控制。


炉内操作参数的稳定性是整个冶炼过程的关键,例如电极深入炉料的深度决定了反应热量的分布,而炉料高度影响炉内的气体流动和热交换模式。炉气的成分、炉膛压力和炉温波动也会显著影响还原反应效率。对于高硅、低碳要求的铁合金,过高的氧势可能造成金属再氧化,而温度不足又会导致炉料结瘤或还原不完全。因此,每个炉次的操作都必须通过在线电气参数、炉渣成分检测和炉况判断不断调整。


熔融的铁合金和炉渣在炉底积聚到一定量后,需要进行开口出铁。出铁时的温度一般控制在 1550–1650°C,对于硅系合金甚至更高,以确保良好的流动性和浇注质量。出铁过程必须避免炉衬的过度侵蚀,因此渣金比例、流速以及渣口高度都需要综合控制。铁合金在出炉后通常采用铸块、粒化或风冷工艺处理,具体方式取决于下游钢厂的使用方式。


当目标是生产低碳或微碳铁合金时,单纯依靠矿热炉冶炼无法有效降低碳含量,因为碳还原体系本质上会引入更多的碳溶入金属。因此必须进行二次精炼,最常用的方式包括 AOD(氩氧脱碳)和 VOD(真空氧脱碳)。AOD 利用氩气稀释氧气浓度,使氧化反应只针对碳而尽量减少对铬、锰、硅的过度氧化;VOD 则通过降低系统压力,使碳和氧更容易结合并逸出,从而实现深度脱碳。对于微碳铁铬、微碳锰铁等产品,还常采用铝热法,通过铝与氧化物的强放热反应进行无碳还原。铝热反应温度极高,反应速度也很快,因此对原料配比、稳定性、保温条件和炉渣流动性都有严格要求。


精炼结束后,需要进行成分微调,确保最终合金满足钢厂对元素含量和杂质水平的要求。常见的调成分方法包括加入金属锭、硅铁、铬铁或纯金属微合金化剂。最终浇注时,为避免元素偏析,需要控制冷却速度和浇注顺序,使合金获得均匀的组织结构。


从整体工程视角来看,铁合金的生产工艺本质上是一个由能量管理、物料流动、热平衡调控和多相反应组成的系统工程。矿热炉是其核心,但原料、炉渣、精炼、环保系统等环节同样决定了最终产品质量。每一种铁合金的生产路线,都需要在热力学、动力学、经济性和炉衬寿命等多因素之间寻找最佳平衡点。正是这些工艺步骤和控制手段,使铁合金能够以稳定、可靠的方式大规模生产,支撑现代钢铁工业对性能提升和微合金化技术的不断需求。


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Electric Arc Furnace

Submerged Arc Furnace

LF Refining Furnace

VD / VOD Vacuum Refining Furnace

Induction Furnace

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5 Ton Electric Arc Furnace

5 Ton Electric Arc Furnace

The 5 ton electric arc furnace for steel-making is a special purpose equipment that makes ordinary steel, quality carbon steel, alloy steel and non-corrosive steel with electric arc as heat source and scrap steel (iron) as raw material.

15 Ton Electric Arc Furnace

15 Ton Electric Arc Furnace

15-ton electric arc furnace is used for the short-process steelmaking process, using 100% scrap steel or scrap steel + molten iron (pig iron), or scrap steel + sponge iron (DRI) as raw materials for steelmaking.

30 Ton AC Electric Arc Furnace

30 Ton AC Electric Arc Furnace

The 30-ton AC electric arc furnace is used to melt scrap steel to produce steel. Electrical energy is used to melt scrap steel. An arc forms between the charged material and the electrode.

30 Ton Electric Arc Furnace

30 Ton Electric Arc Furnace

30 Ton electric arc furnace is used for steelmaking short process smelting, using 100% scrap steel or scrap steel + molten iron (pig iron), or scrap steel + sponge iron (DRI) as raw materials for steelmaking.

50 Ton Ultra-high Power Electric Arc Furnace

50 Ton Ultra-high Power Electric Arc Furnace

The 50-ton ultra-high power electric arc furnace (50TUPH EAF) adopts ultra-high power, high impedance technology, bottom tapping technology (ETB), furnace wall oxygen oil burner and furnace door carbon-oxygen gun technology.

DC Electric Arc Furnace

DC Electric Arc Furnace

DC electric arc furnace is an electric arc furnace supplying electric energy with DC power supply. There is only one electrode on the top of the DC arc furnace, which is the negative electrode, and the bottom electrode is the positive electrode.

Electric Arc Furnace

Electric Arc Furnace

Electric arc furnaces are used to melt scrap steel for steel production. Electrical energy is used to melt scrap steel. An arc forms between the charged material and the electrode. The heat generated by the arc melts the scrap.

Electric Arc Furnace Steel Making

Electric Arc Furnace Steel Making

Electric arc furnace steel making is a steelmaking method that uses the thermal effect of electric arc to heat the charge for melting.

Ultra-high Power Electric Arc Furnace

Ultra-high Power Electric Arc Furnace

Ultra-high power electric arc furnace mainly changes the arc characteristics of high voltage and long arc to the arc characteristics of high current, low voltage and short arc

1 Ton Electric Arc Furnace

1 Ton Electric Arc Furnace

1 ton electric arc furnace is used for melting steel and titanium scrap metal. The principle of electric arc furnace is based on the generation of direct current, which converts electrical energy into heat energy through electrodes to melt the metal.

2×36000KVA Closed Pig Iron Submerged Arc Furnace

2×36000KVA Closed Pig Iron Submerged Arc Furnace

The closed pig iron furnace (submerged arc furnace iron making) is a non-blast furnace iron making method. Under the premise of guaranteeing the power supply, it is easy to solve the problem by using the reducing agent required by the submerged arc furnace iron making.

Ferroalloy Refining Furnace

Ferroalloy Refining Furnace

The main mechanical device design of Sanui ferroalloy refining furnace combines China's national conditions and draws on international advanced technologies such as Demark and Pyremate.

25.5MVA Ferronickel Submerged Arc Furnace

25.5MVA Ferronickel Submerged Arc Furnace

The Ferronickel submerged arc furnace is a special submerged arc furnace used for smelting nickel-iron alloy. Its main function is to add nickel ore, carbonaceous reducing agent (such as coke) and limestone and other raw materials into the furnace in a certain proportion

Ferrosilicon Furnace

Ferrosilicon Furnace

The main mechanical device design of Sanui ferrosilicon furnace combines China's national conditions and draws on international advanced technologies such as Demark and Pyremate.

High Carbon Ferrochrome Furnace

High Carbon Ferrochrome Furnace

The main mechanical device design of Sanui high carbon ferrochrome furnace combines China's national conditions and draws on international advanced technologies such as Demark and Pyremate.

25500KVA Industrial Silicon Submerged Arc Melting Furnace

25500KVA Industrial Silicon Submerged Arc Melting Furnace

Industrial silicon submerged arc furnace is an important equipment in silicon ore processing, playing a key role in the silicon industry.

Manganese Silicon Alloy Furnace

Manganese Silicon Alloy Furnace

The manganese silicon alloy furnace is mainly used to smelt silicon-manganese alloy, which is an alloy containing silicon and manganese.

Submerged Arc Furnace

Submerged Arc Furnace

The design of the submerged arc furnace main mechanical device by Sanui is based on China's national conditions and draws on international advanced technologies such as Demark and Perlmutter.

Submerged Electric Arc Furnace

Submerged Electric Arc Furnace

Submerged electric arc furnace is mainly used for reducing and smelting raw materials such as ore, carbonaceous reducing agent and solvent. It mainly produces ferroalloys such as ferrosilicon, ferromanganese, ferrochrome, ferrotungsten, silicon-manganese alloy, etc.

Titanium Slag Furnace

Titanium Slag Furnace

Titanium slag production adopts titanium slag electric furnace (circular furnace and rectangular furnace according to its shape) smelting process.

LF 20T Ladle Refining Furnace

LF 20T Ladle Refining Furnace

The LF 20 T ladle refining furnace has the functions of arc heating under normal pressure, argon blowing and stirring at the bottom of the ladle, and reducing slag making in the ladle.

LF Ladle Refining Furnace

LF Ladle Refining Furnace

LF ladle refining furnace is a bottom-blown argon ladle furnace with three-phase submerged arc heating under normal pressure. It is a device for refining molten steel in a ladle.

VD Vacuum Refining Furnace

VD Vacuum Refining Furnace

VD vacuum refining furnace is a commonly used refining process equipment, mainly used for deoxidation, impurity removal and other operations of molten steel, so as to obtain high purity, low impurity content of high quality steel.

VOD Vacuum Refining Furnace

VOD Vacuum Refining Furnace

VOD vacuum refining furnace has multiple functions such as vacuum degassing, oxygen blowing decarburization, vacuum charging, argon blowing stirring, non-vacuum temperature measurement sampling, wire feeding, etc.

Cast Steel Melting Induction Furnace

Cast Steel Melting Induction Furnace

The cast steel melting induction furnace has outstanding advantages in heat penetration or melting soft magnetic alloys, high resistance alloys, platinum group alloys, heat-resistant, corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant alloys and pure metals.

Metal Silicon Smelting Furnace

Metal Silicon Smelting Furnace

Metal silicon smelting furnace is a metal silicon medium frequency melting furnace, which consists of furnace body, water and electricity introduction system, furnace tilting device, etc. It has fast melting temperature rise, easy to control furnace temperature and high production efficiency.

Medium Frequency Induction Furnace

Medium Frequency Induction Furnace

Medium frequency induction furnace mainly used for melting steel, alloy steel, special steel, stainless steel, and can also be used for melting and casting non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, etc. The customized range of induction furnaces sold by Sanrui ranges from 0.1 tons to 10 tons.

Medium Frequency Furnace

Medium Frequency Furnace

Medium frequency induction furnaces are mainly used for melting steel, alloy steel, special steel, stainless steel, and can also be used for melting and casting non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminum, lead, and zinc.

Medium Frequency Aluminum Melting Furnace

Medium Frequency Aluminum Melting Furnace

Medium frequency aluminum melting furnace is used for melting and heating aluminum, scrap aluminum, aluminum ingots, and aluminum alloys; The melting capacity ranges from 100KG to 3000KG.

Induction Furnace

Induction Furnace

An induction furnace is an electric furnace that uses the induction electrothermal effect of the material to heat or melt the material. The main components of an induction furnace are sensors, furnace body, power supply, capacitors and control system.

3 Tons Medium Frequency Coreless Induction Furnace

3 Tons Medium Frequency Coreless Induction Furnace

​The 3-ton medium frequency coreless induction furnace adopts a 6-phase 12-pulse double rectifier control system. A 2000KVA special rectifier transformer is used for the 2000KW medium frequency power supply.

Conductive Cross Arm

Conductive Cross Arm

The conductive arm of an electric arc furnace (EAF) is primarily composed of the front electrode conductive arm holder, a water-cooled clamping ring, the arm body, and the rear conductive copper plate.

EAF Charging Basket

EAF Charging Basket

The scrap charging basket of the electric arc furnace is mainly used for loading and conveying raw materials such as scrap steel into the electric arc furnace for smelting.

EAF Electrode Holder

EAF Electrode Holder

There are many insulation links between the EAF electrode holder and the conductive cross arm body, which greatly simplifies the cconductive cross arm structure and is a new type of electrode arm on the ultra-high power arc furnace.

EAF Water Cooled Roof

EAF Water Cooled Roof

Generally, the furnace cover of the electric arc furnace adopts the tubular water-cooled closed tube furnace cover structure.

Electrode Lifting Device

Electrode Lifting Device

The electrode lifting mechanism of electric arc furnace is composed of conductive cross arm and electrode column device.

Forged Copper Tile

Forged Copper Tile

Forged copper tile is one of the main accessories in submerged arc furnace (silicon metal furnace, calcium carbide furnace and iron alloy furnace). It generates heat energy due to passing through large current at high temperature, and is easy to be damaged due to poor working environment.

Furnace Cover Lifting and Rotating Device

Furnace Cover Lifting and Rotating Device

The furnace cover lifting and rotating device consists of a furnace cover lifting mechanism, a rotating mechanism and a rotating frame.

Submerged Arc Furnace Pressure Ring

Submerged Arc Furnace Pressure Ring

Submerged arc furnace pressure ring is used to monitor the change of air pressure in the furnace in real time, and adjust the air pressure automatically or manually according to the preset parameters to ensure the stability of air pressure in the furnace

Submerged Arc Furnace Water-cooled Roof

Submerged Arc Furnace Water-cooled Roof

Submerged arc furnace water-cooled Roof is an important part of submerged arc furnace (also known as electric arc furnace, calcium carbide furnace or mining furnace), which is mainly used to close the top of furnace body and bear the high temperature and pressure in the furnace.

Short Network

Short Network

Short network bus systems), also known as high current line, refers to the general term of the carrier fluid from the secondary outlet terminal of the transformer to the electrode (including the electrode).

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